HSIE Teachers - HSC Geography: Ecosystems at risk
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Evaluation of traditional and contemporary Management Strategies


Traditional and Contemporary Management Strategies

Traditional management:
  • Taboos on hunting particular animals related to totems.
  • Limits on populations of tribes
  • Nomadic lifestyle – limits damage on particular areas of the environment
  • Indigenous people only taking what they need. For example, growing only enough food for a family, killing only animals they can eat or     preserve for later consumption.
  • Fire stick hunting
  • In-depth and multi-generational knowledge of the environment.
  • Custodians of land

Creative spirits - Meaning of land to Aboriginal people.

    Contemporary management:
  • Management occurs at a variety of scales – local, regional, national, global.
  • Local: council decisions, by-laws, ordinances
  • Regional: State government national parks, wilderness areas, total catchment management
  • National: Maritime zoning, environmental policies, NGOs such as Clean-up Australia
  • Global: Biosphere reserves, World Heritage listing.
Individuals: Actions of individuals impact greatly on ecosystems (e.g. littering, dumping rubbish, use of non-recyclable paper). Individuals’ actions and buying power can influence governments and businesses to change legislations or the type of, or way that products are produced.
 
Groups: Environmental groups try to influence decision-making processes by putting forward a particular point of view. They use people-power (mobilization) to encourage governments to make decisions in line with their point of view. Environmental groups are diverse in their scale, scope and purpose.

Local governments:
-responsible for planning approvals/activities. Approval is usually reliant on the completion of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
-Rely on information contained in submissions
-Can commission reports from independent agencies
-Responsible for waste disposal

Governments:
-can make laws regulating the behaviour of individuals and corporations. E.g. US Endangered species Act (a law that protects threatened animal and plant species)
-At Federal and State level the Minister for Environment has authority over a number of government agencies, e.g. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
-Governments at all levels are responsible for decisions about how some fragile ecosystems are used, e.g. mining, forestry.
-Decide what areas to include as National Parks
-The Federal government can in special cases intervene and override decisions made by the State Government

National policies:
- policies developed by all levels of government are often the result of compromise between various groups

Evaluate: Make judgements based on criteria, determine the value of...



The effectiveness of management strategies can be determined by examining at a variety of factors:
  • ›Intragenerational equity
  • ›Intergenerational equity
  • ›The precautionary approach
  • ›Biological diversity
  • ›Ecologically Sustainable Development

›Intragenerational equity
- Are people able to benefit from the ecosystem?
- Are people able to access various parts of the ecosystem?
- Is the present generation of people able to use the resources within the ecosystem? (Consider what “use of resources” actually means)
- Is the current population able to benefit from the ecosystem’s aesthetic values (the way the ecosystem looks?)

›Intergenerational equity
- Is the use and management of the ecosystem maintaining the quality of the ecosystem for the future?
- Will people in the future be able to access the various parts of the ecosystem?
- Will people in the future be able to use the resources of the ecosystem?
- Is the current population able to benefit from the ecosystem’s aesthetic values (the way the ecosystem looks)?

›The precautionary approach
- Has the ecosystem become more or less susceptible to human or natural stress?
- Are there attempts to improve knowledge of the threats to the ecosystem?
- Do management strategies take into account best and worst case scenarios for threats to the ecosystem?
- Are historical processes maintained (e.g the ability to adapt to changes)?
- Has there been a reduction in the size or extent of the ecosystem?

›Biological diversity
- What changes have taken place within food chain/food webs?
- Are there still as many links within the chains and webs?
- Has the diversity of the ecosystem been diminished in any way? Has there been a reduction in the number of species?
- Is genetic diversity maintained?
- Has there been a reduction or increase of any species? What impact will this have?
- Is the ecosystem still functioning effectively in terms of biological processes, etc

›Ecologically Sustainable Development
- Does the management strategy address social objectives? (e.g community use, meeting the needs of different groups within the community)
- Does the management strategy address environment objectives? (e.g. protection, conservation)
- Does the management strategy address economic objectives? (e.g. job creation, economic growth)
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  • Home
    • Assessment
    • Assessment 1 Scaffold
    • Extended Responses
  • Ecosystem Management
    • Biophysical Interactions >
      • Biophysical Interactions extended response
    • Vulnerability and Resilience >
      • Environmental stress extended response
    • Importance of management and protection >
      • Ecosystems Research task
    • Evaluation of management strategies >
      • Evaluating management strategies
      • Evaluating - sample
      • Evaluating - scaffold
    • Mini case studies
    • Ecosystems - ESL Support
  • Tundra
    • Tundra - spatial patterns - analysing photos and maps >
      • Tundra glossary
      • Tundra - Virtual fieldwork
    • Tundra - Biophysical interactions >
      • Tundra - Churchill biophysical interactions
      • Skills: Climate graphs
    • Nature and Rate of Change >
      • Tundra - Climate Change Infographic
    • Human Impacts >
      • Tundra - Cause and Effect
      • Tundra Connections
    • Tundra - Management >
      • Evaluating Management Strategies
      • Tundra - radio collar tracking
  • Intertidal Wetlands
    • Case Studies >
      • Towra Point
      • Homebush Bay
    • Spatial patterns
    • Biophysical Interactions >
      • Weather and climate
      • Geomorphic and hydrological processes
      • Biogeographical processes
      • Adjustments to natural stress
      • Homebush Bay - Biophysical Interactions
    • Nature and rate of change
    • Human impacts >
      • Towra Point - Human Impacts
      • Towra Point - Human impacts activity
      • Homebush Bay - Human Impacts
    • Management practices >
      • Towra Point - Management Strategies
      • Homebush Bay - Management Strategies
    • Intertidal Wetlands Revision Questions
    • Intertidal Wetlands - Fieldwork >
      • Towra Point excursion
  • Coral Reefs
    • Spatial patterns
    • Biophysical Interactions >
      • Weather and climate
      • Geomorphic and hydrological processes
      • Biogeographical processes
      • Adjustments to natural stress
      • Coral Reef Triangle
    • Nature and rate of change
    • Human Impacts >
      • Coral Triangle - Human Impacts
      • Great Barrier Reef - Human Impacts
    • Management practices >
      • Traditional Management Practices
      • Coral Triangle - Management
      • Great Barrier Reef - Management Strategies
    • Coral Reefs - Fieldwork >
      • Coral Triangle - fieldwork
      • Fieldwork - Lizard Island Virtual Fieldsite.
      • Great Barrier Reef excursion
  • HSIETeachers